Birds need access to direct, full-spectrum UV (ultraviolet) light to be happy and healthy. Ideally, they’d get this through safe, protected outdoor time straight from the natural sun for at least 30 minutes a day, 3 times a week (more is better). However, if your birds are only getting sunlight through glass windows or through mesh screens, they aren’t getting the full spectrum light they need—UV light can’t pass through glass. For these indoor birds, you can provide full-spectrum avian lighting.
Natural sunlight is more than just the wavelength of light that we can see (called visible light). It also includes UVA- and UVB- wavelength light, and these are what our birds need. UVA is invisible to humans, but it’s an important part of avian vision and mental wellbeing. UVB light is crucial for vitamin D production, which birds need for bone health, immune systems, energy levels, and more.
Full-spectrum UV lighting aims to replicate what your bird would get from the natural sun. It’s important to note that not all “full-spectrum” light is equal! Many lights advertised as such don’t have adequate UVB output, or are otherwise unsafe.
People who use avian-safe UV lighting have seen huge improvements in their birds’ mood, activity, and overall health. Some benefits are easily visible to us humans: higher energy, better feather quality, healthier eggs. Others may be more subtle to the naked eye, but no less important: stronger bones, more robust immune system, and greater mental wellbeing.
Light is strongest closest to the bulb and weaker the further away the bird is. It’s important to make sure the light is placed close enough for your bird to benefit, but not so close that it causes burns or irritation. Lighting should always be placed on top of the cage, never to the side. Putting the light on top prevents your bird from having to stare into the light and provides a gradient so that they can self-regulate when to move closer to or further from the light. Make sure that there are areas of shade in the cage (such as under shelves) so your bird isn’t forced to always be in the light.
Refer to the descriptions above for recommended distances. If the lamp you want to use isn’t listed, contact the manufacturer. If you are using a reflector, increase the distance by 3″. Distance is relative to the top of the bird’s head at their highest perching location.
Note: “Distance from top of bird’s head” isn’t just the distance from the shelf, you also need to account for the bird! If you don’t have enough distance, the mounting bracket included in the lighting kit may be able to add a couple inches.
Many have had success with 12-hour cycles: on 12 hours, off 12 hours. Make sure that the time the light is off is at least 12 hours so that your bird has enough time to rest. You can use a light timer or smart plug to avoid having to remember to manually turn it on and off every day.
Although uncommon, sometimes UV lighting has caused skin and eye irritation in parrots and reptiles. Watch for squinting, face rubbing, or redness of the skin around the eyes. If you notice any of these, discontinue use of the light.
All UV bulbs have a limited lifespan; their UV output decreases over time until it’s no longer enough to give your birds the UV dose they need. For compact fluorescent lights such as the ZooMed Avian Sun, replace the bulb at least every 6 months. For linear fluorescent lights such as the Arcadia PureSun Midi, replace the bulb at least every 12 months.
Here are some options for avian lighting for 1-2 pigeons: